Understanding the various causes of halitosis and effective treatment approaches.

Bad breath (halitosis) affects an estimated 25% of people globally. The most common cause is bacteria on the tongue surface, particularly the back of the tongue. Gum disease, cavities, dry mouth, and food particles are other major oral causes. Non-oral causes include sinus infections, gastric reflux, and certain medications. Persistent bad breath despite good oral hygiene warrants a dental examination to identify and treat the underlying cause.