Geographic Tongue
A benign condition causing map-like patches on the tongue surface.
Geographic tongue (benign migratory glossitis) affects 1-3% of the population and is common in children. It presents as smooth, red patches surrounded by white borders on the tongue surface, creating a map-like appearance. The patches change location over days or weeks as the filiform papillae (tiny bumps) shed and regrow. The condition is painless for most, though some experience sensitivity to spicy, acidic, or hot foods. The exact cause is unknown but associations exist with stress, allergies, psoriasis, and nutritional deficiencies (zinc, iron, B vitamins). No treatment is needed in most cases. For symptomatic relief: avoid trigger foods, use topical analgesics, and maintain good oral hygiene. Geographic tongue is not contagious and does not indicate oral cancer.